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Japanese Puppet States in China

Last modified: 2026-02-14 by ian macdonald
Keywords: japanese puppet state | china |
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• Provisional Government of China [Beijing 1937-1940]
• Reformed Government of the ROC
  • Water Patrol Force Ensign
• Reorganized National Government of the ROC - Nanjing Puppet State
• Shanghai Puppet State
• Daminhui (1938-)
• Inner Mongolia
  • Inner Mongolia (1936- )
  • Mongolian Federated Autonomous Government
  • Mongolian League
  • Postal Flag
• Manchukuo
  • Flag of Emperor Kangte (Puyi)
  • Manchuria Ensigns
  • Manchurian Army red cross flag
  • Postal flag
  • Manchukuo Rank flags
• Japanese controlled transport companies
  • Manchokuo transports vessel flag
  • Southern Manchuria Railway Company
  • Northern China Railway Company
  • Central China Railway Company

Overview

After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, a series of puppet states were established by Japan:
- Provisional Government of China, established in Beijing (then Peking) on 14 December 1937.
- Reformed Government of the ROC , established in Nanjing (then Nanking) on 28 March 1938, after the Nanjing Massacre forced the Nationalist Government to relocate its capital city temporarily to Chongqing (then Chungking).
- Mengjiang United Autonomous Government established in Zhangjiakou (then Kalgan) on 1 September 1939 from a merger of several smaller puppet states in and near Inner Mongolia.

The fact that there were two puppet states with the name 'Republic of China' for a while had much to do with factionalism among the Japanese occupying forces. This situation ended with the establishment of yet another puppet state, the Reorganized National Government of the ROC in Nanjing on 30 March 1940, from a merger of the previous Beijing and Nanjing puppet states. This new regime would serve as the Axis' claim to legitimacy as 'the' Republic of China, against the Nationalist Government in Chongqing, until the end of the War.
Miles Li, 03 June 2015

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